diff --git a/pyanalyze/name_check_visitor.py b/pyanalyze/name_check_visitor.py
index 3692076..6160315 100644
--- a/pyanalyze/name_check_visitor.py
+++ b/pyanalyze/name_check_visitor.py
@@ -5199,6 +5199,27 @@ class NameCheckVisitor(node_visitor.ReplacingNodeVisitor):
             self.log(logging.INFO, "Ignoring callee", callee_wrapped)
             return AnyValue(AnySource.error)
 
+        # Special case: disallow calling Any() directly
+        is_any_call = False
+        if isinstance(callee_wrapped, AnyValue):
+            is_any_call = True
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.Call):
+            # Check for direct name: Any(...)
+            if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == "Any":
+                is_any_call = True
+            # Check for attribute access: typing.Any(...) 
+            elif isinstance(node.func, ast.Attribute) and node.func.attr == "Any":
+                is_any_call = True
+        
+        if is_any_call:
+            if node is not None:
+                self._show_error_if_checking(
+                    node,
+                    "Cannot call Any() directly; use cast() instead or remove the call",
+                    error_code=ErrorCode.incompatible_call,
+                )
+            return AnyValue(AnySource.error)
+
         extended_argspec = self.signature_from_value(callee_wrapped, node)
         if extended_argspec is ANY_SIGNATURE:
             # don't bother calling it